tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose.substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress.sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it.rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach.reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them.psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia).physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical– somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens).drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use.drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose.dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake).addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems.addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences.
This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders." In the DSM-5 (released in 2013), substance abuse and substance dependence have been merged into the category of substance use disorders and they no longer exist as individual diagnoses. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. It was described accordingly: "When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed.
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Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV), substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction, and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. The International Classification of Diseases classifies substance dependence as a mental and behavioural disorder. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions, but not dependence. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation where-by an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance, because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption, which results in the experience of withdrawal, which necessitates the re-consumption of the drug.
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